Merge pull request 'chore: full sweep — docs sync, SSH key module extraction, NFS dedup, dead code removal' (#89) from worktree-full-sweep into main
Check NixOS configurations / eval-hosts (push) Successful in 10m39s

Reviewed-on: #89
This commit was merged in pull request #89.
This commit is contained in:
2026-07-28 05:26:57 +00:00
13 changed files with 87 additions and 140 deletions
+8 -6
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@@ -6,12 +6,14 @@ This repository contains flake-based NixOS configurations for Wayne's LAN
servers and workstation. servers and workstation.
The flake exposes NixOS configurations named `<platform>-<buildtype>` The flake exposes NixOS configurations named `<platform>-<buildtype>`
(platforms: `linode`, `proxmox`, `lxc`; build types: `minimal`, `nix-cache`, (platforms: `linode`, `proxmox`, `lxc`, `baremetal`; build types: `minimal`,
`server`, `docker`, `gui`, `pxe-boot`, `tailscale-exit-node`, `tor-relay`), generated from `modules/platforms/*` `nix-cache`, `server`, `docker`, `gui`, `pxe-boot`, `tailscale-router`,
and `modules/build-types/*` by the `mkTarget` function in `flake.nix`. Not `tor-relay`, `ha-server`), generated from `modules/platforms/*` and
every combination is built — `pxe-boot` has no `linode` variant. See `modules/build-types/*` by the `mkTarget` function in `flake.nix`. Not every
`README.md` for the full current target list; treat `flake.nix` as the combination is built — `pxe-boot` has no `linode` variant, `ha-server` only
source of truth since this list can drift. exists on `proxmox`, and `tor-relay` only exists on `lxc`. See `README.md`
for the full current target list; treat `flake.nix` as the source of truth
since this list can drift.
Do not deploy, switch, reboot, repartition, format disks, or run destructive Do not deploy, switch, reboot, repartition, format disks, or run destructive
install commands from this repository unless explicitly asked. install commands from this repository unless explicitly asked.
+10 -11
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@@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ pieces composed in `flake.nix`:
- **Platforms** (what it runs on): `linode`, `proxmox`, `lxc`, `baremetal` - **Platforms** (what it runs on): `linode`, `proxmox`, `lxc`, `baremetal`
- **Build types** (what it's for): `minimal`, `nix-cache`, `server`, `docker`, - **Build types** (what it's for): `minimal`, `nix-cache`, `server`, `docker`,
`gui`, `pxe-boot`, `tailscale-exit-node`, `tor-relay` `gui`, `pxe-boot`, `tailscale-router`, `tor-relay`, `ha-server`
Not every combination exists — `pxe-boot` has no `linode` variant, since Not every combination exists — `pxe-boot` has no `linode` variant, since
PXE/DHCP/TFTP need LAN L2 adjacency that a Linode VPS doesn't have, PXE/DHCP/TFTP need LAN L2 adjacency that a Linode VPS doesn't have,
`tor-relay` currently only exists as `lxc-tor-relay`, and `baremetal` `tor-relay` and `ha-server` currently only exist on `lxc`/`proxmox`, and
currently only exists as `baremetal-gui` (the real gui-host hardware). The `baremetal` currently only exists as `baremetal-gui` (the real gui-host
full list: hardware). The full list:
| Target | Purpose | | Target | Purpose |
| --- | --- | | --- | --- |
@@ -29,8 +29,9 @@ full list:
| `linode-gui` / `proxmox-gui` / `lxc-gui` | Cinnamon desktop workstation — previously the flat `nixos` target | | `linode-gui` / `proxmox-gui` / `lxc-gui` | Cinnamon desktop workstation — previously the flat `nixos` target |
| `baremetal-gui` | Same Cinnamon desktop workstation, on the real gui-host hardware — ZFS RAID0 root, systemd-boot | | `baremetal-gui` | Same Cinnamon desktop workstation, on the real gui-host hardware — ZFS RAID0 root, systemd-boot |
| `proxmox-pxe-boot` / `lxc-pxe-boot` | HTTP/iPXE boot asset host — previously the flat `pxe-boot` target | | `proxmox-pxe-boot` / `lxc-pxe-boot` | HTTP/iPXE boot asset host — previously the flat `pxe-boot` target |
| `linode-tailscale-exit-node` / `proxmox-tailscale-exit-node` / `lxc-tailscale-exit-node` | Tailscale exit node | | `linode-tailscale-router` / `proxmox-tailscale-router` / `lxc-tailscale-router` | Tailscale subnet router + MagicDNS forwarder for the LAN |
| `lxc-tor-relay` | Tor middle relay | | `lxc-tor-relay` | Tor middle relay |
| `proxmox-ha-server-1` / `proxmox-ha-server-2` | HA file-server cluster nodes — DRBD + XFS + iSCSI + NFS, managed by Corosync + Pacemaker |
Which variant of a given buildtype is actually deployed isn't tracked Which variant of a given buildtype is actually deployed isn't tracked
anywhere in this repo — that's live infrastructure state, not something a anywhere in this repo — that's live infrastructure state, not something a
@@ -47,8 +48,7 @@ section for which is which.
Each buildtype's `hosts/<name>/host.nix` carries the per-machine identity Each buildtype's `hosts/<name>/host.nix` carries the per-machine identity
(hostname, hostId, per-machine secrets, `system.stateVersion`) that must stay (hostname, hostId, per-machine secrets, `system.stateVersion`) that must stay
fixed regardless of which platform it's built for — see fixed regardless of which platform it's built for. Every deployed host
`flake-target-refactor-spec.md` for the full rationale. Every deployed host
stamps its own active target name into `/etc/flake-target` at build time, so stamps its own active target name into `/etc/flake-target` at build time, so
`nixos-rebuild switch --flake .#$(cat /etc/flake-target)` always picks up the `nixos-rebuild switch --flake .#$(cat /etc/flake-target)` always picks up the
right one even after a platform migration changes the flake attribute name. right one even after a platform migration changes the flake attribute name.
@@ -167,7 +167,6 @@ per-boot host key for sops-nix to derive from on ephemeral media) — see
(`vars/per-machine/<target>/openssh/`, committed and sops-encrypted) for (`vars/per-machine/<target>/openssh/`, committed and sops-encrypted) for
their SSH host keys. their SSH host keys.
This repository's git *history* still contains secrets committed before this This repository's git *history* still contains secrets committed before the
migration (see `remove-sensetive-info-refactor.md`) — those are being sops-nix migration — those are being scrubbed and rotated separately; don't
scrubbed and rotated separately; don't treat the repo as safe to make public treat the repo as safe to make public until that's finished.
until that's finished.
+5 -3
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@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ see "LXC hosts" immediately below for why those are different.**
## LXC hosts ## LXC hosts
`lxc-*` targets (`lxc-minimal`, `lxc-nix-cache`, `lxc-server`, `lxc-docker`, `lxc-*` targets (`lxc-minimal`, `lxc-nix-cache`, `lxc-server`, `lxc-docker`,
`lxc-gui`, `lxc-pxe-boot`, `lxc-tailscale-exit-node`, `lxc-tor-relay`) are **not** installed via `auto-install.sh` — the `lxc-gui`, `lxc-pxe-boot`, `lxc-tailscale-router`, `lxc-tor-relay`) are **not** installed via `auto-install.sh` — the
interactive menu deliberately excludes them. Don't try to select one there; interactive menu deliberately excludes them. Don't try to select one there;
`nixos-install` would bind-mount `/` onto `/mnt` (LXC containers have no raw `nixos-install` would bind-mount `/` onto `/mnt` (LXC containers have no raw
disk to partition) and then refuse to touch the filesystem it's currently disk to partition) and then refuse to touch the filesystem it's currently
@@ -133,13 +133,15 @@ Flake outputs:
```nix ```nix
nixosConfigurations.installer # ISO/netboot installer image nixosConfigurations.installer # ISO/netboot installer image
packages.x86_64-linux.iso # installer ISO/netboot image packages.x86_64-linux.iso # installer ISO/netboot image
packages.x86_64-linux.pxe # netboot-ipxe + netboot-initrd + netboot-kernel, bundled packages.x86_64-linux.pxe # auto-installer netboot bundle (kernel + initrd + ipxe script)
packages.x86_64-linux.pxe-minimal # vanilla NixOS minimal netboot bundle (no installer wiring)
``` ```
```sh ```sh
nix build .#iso nix build .#iso
nix build .#pxe nix build .#pxe
nix build .#pxe-minimal
``` ```
There's no `nixosConfigurations.proxmox-lxc` (installer-boots-as-an-LXC- There's no `nixosConfigurations.proxmox-lxc` (installer-boots-as-an-LXC-
-1
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@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
}; };
services.beszel.agent.environment = { services.beszel.agent.environment = {
#DOCKER_HOST = "tcp://docker-socket-proxy:2375";
KEY = "ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAIFPR9kwtC4TAeTRu46A7+opZsYpxqkRJ+x/ZyB2GWCeG"; KEY = "ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAIFPR9kwtC4TAeTRu46A7+opZsYpxqkRJ+x/ZyB2GWCeG";
}; };
-1
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@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
}; };
services.beszel.agent.environment = { services.beszel.agent.environment = {
#DOCKER_HOST = "tcp://docker-socket-proxy:2375";
KEY = "ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAIFPR9kwtC4TAeTRu46A7+opZsYpxqkRJ+x/ZyB2GWCeG"; KEY = "ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAIFPR9kwtC4TAeTRu46A7+opZsYpxqkRJ+x/ZyB2GWCeG";
EXTRA_FILESYSTEMS = "${vars.storageRoot}/${vars.nfsShares.dockerVolumes.subpath}"; EXTRA_FILESYSTEMS = "${vars.storageRoot}/${vars.nfsShares.dockerVolumes.subpath}";
LOG_LEVEL = "debug"; LOG_LEVEL = "debug";
+11 -10
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@@ -15,6 +15,16 @@
# under services.beszel.agent.environment.KEY once the hub accepts the # under services.beszel.agent.environment.KEY once the hub accepts the
# new agents, following the pattern in hosts/server/host.nix. # new agents, following the pattern in hosts/server/host.nix.
{ lib, vars, ... }: { lib, vars, ... }:
let
# Generates /etc/exports lines for all nfsShares data entries. Shared
# pattern with modules/build-types/server.nix — both export the same
# set of shares, differing only in the storage root they serve from.
mkNfsExports = storageRoot:
lib.concatMapStrings
(share: " ${storageRoot}/${share.subpath} ${vars.lanCidr}${vars.nfsShares.options}\n")
(lib.filter builtins.isAttrs (lib.attrValues vars.nfsShares));
in
{ {
imports = [ imports = [
../ha/pacemaker-stack.nix ../ha/pacemaker-stack.nix
@@ -25,16 +35,7 @@
services.nfs.server = { services.nfs.server = {
enable = true; enable = true;
exports = '' exports = mkNfsExports vars.haStorageRoot;
${vars.haStorageRoot}/${vars.nfsShares.dockerConfig.subpath} ${vars.lanCidr}${vars.nfsShares.options}
${vars.haStorageRoot}/${vars.nfsShares.dockerVolumes.subpath} ${vars.lanCidr}${vars.nfsShares.options}
${vars.haStorageRoot}/${vars.nfsShares.dockerDatabases.subpath} ${vars.lanCidr}${vars.nfsShares.options}
${vars.haStorageRoot}/${vars.nfsShares.nextcloudData.subpath} ${vars.lanCidr}${vars.nfsShares.options}
${vars.haStorageRoot}/${vars.nfsShares.raspiVolumes.subpath} ${vars.lanCidr}${vars.nfsShares.options}
${vars.haStorageRoot}/${vars.nfsShares.proxmoxIsos.subpath} ${vars.lanCidr}${vars.nfsShares.options}
${vars.haStorageRoot}/${vars.nfsShares.proxmoxLxcImages.subpath} ${vars.lanCidr}${vars.nfsShares.options}
${vars.haStorageRoot}/${vars.nfsShares.pxebootImages.subpath} ${vars.lanCidr}${vars.nfsShares.options}
'';
}; };
# Pacemaker controls nfs-server — prevent systemd from starting it at boot # Pacemaker controls nfs-server — prevent systemd from starting it at boot
+10 -10
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@@ -13,6 +13,15 @@ let
lib.concatMap (share: ancestors share.subpath) lib.concatMap (share: ancestors share.subpath)
(lib.filter builtins.isAttrs (lib.attrValues vars.nfsShares)) (lib.filter builtins.isAttrs (lib.attrValues vars.nfsShares))
); );
# Generates /etc/exports lines for all nfsShares data entries (every
# attrset value — excludes the bare `options` string). Both server and
# ha-server export the same share set from different storage roots, so
# this helper is the single source of truth for the export line format.
mkNfsExports = storageRoot:
lib.concatMapStrings
(share: " ${storageRoot}/${share.subpath} ${vars.lanCidr}${vars.nfsShares.options}\n")
(lib.filter builtins.isAttrs (lib.attrValues vars.nfsShares));
in in
{ {
imports = [ imports = [
@@ -95,16 +104,7 @@ in
services.nfs.server = { services.nfs.server = {
enable = true; enable = true;
exports = '' exports = mkNfsExports vars.storageRoot;
${vars.storageRoot}/${vars.nfsShares.dockerConfig.subpath} ${vars.lanCidr}${vars.nfsShares.options}
${vars.storageRoot}/${vars.nfsShares.dockerVolumes.subpath} ${vars.lanCidr}${vars.nfsShares.options}
${vars.storageRoot}/${vars.nfsShares.dockerDatabases.subpath} ${vars.lanCidr}${vars.nfsShares.options}
${vars.storageRoot}/${vars.nfsShares.nextcloudData.subpath} ${vars.lanCidr}${vars.nfsShares.options}
${vars.storageRoot}/${vars.nfsShares.raspiVolumes.subpath} ${vars.lanCidr}${vars.nfsShares.options}
${vars.storageRoot}/${vars.nfsShares.proxmoxIsos.subpath} ${vars.lanCidr}${vars.nfsShares.options}
${vars.storageRoot}/${vars.nfsShares.proxmoxLxcImages.subpath} ${vars.lanCidr}${vars.nfsShares.options}
${vars.storageRoot}/${vars.nfsShares.pxebootImages.subpath} ${vars.lanCidr}${vars.nfsShares.options}
'';
}; };
# mountd (20048) is needed for showmount/NFSv3 mount protocol — without it # mountd (20048) is needed for showmount/NFSv3 mount protocol — without it
+5 -12
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@@ -25,13 +25,10 @@ let
''; '';
in in
{ {
imports = imports = [
[ ./set-locale.nix
# Include the results of the hardware scan. ../ipa/client.nix
# ./hardware-configuration.nix ];
./set-locale.nix
../ipa/client.nix
];
# System-wide shell config so all users (including IPA accounts) get the # System-wide shell config so all users (including IPA accounts) get the
# same management aliases as the local nixos user's Home Manager provides. # same management aliases as the local nixos user's Home Manager provides.
@@ -42,11 +39,7 @@ in
}; };
interactiveShellInit = buildImageFn; interactiveShellInit = buildImageFn;
}; };
# Use the GRUB 2 boot loader. networking.networkmanager.enable = true;
# boot.loader.grub.enable = true;
#boot.loader.grub.device = "/dev/sda"; # or "nodev" for efi only
networking.networkmanager.enable = true; # Easiest to use and most distros use this by default.
# Recommended over the true default (bypasses ZFS's own import safeguards) # Recommended over the true default (bypasses ZFS's own import safeguards)
# per the option's own docs; matches hosts/docker/host.nix and # per the option's own docs; matches hosts/docker/host.nix and
+35
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@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
# Shared activation-script logic to preserve the SSH host key across
# nixos-rebuild on platforms that embed the key via environment.etc (lxc and
# proxmox). When NIXOS_HOST_KEYS_DIR is not set the key is absent from
# environment.etc, and NixOS's etc activation removes any /etc file not in
# the new generation — which would destroy the live key and break sops-nix
# decryption permanently. These scripts save the key to /run before etc
# removes it, then restore it afterward.
#
# Explicit deps enforce the correct ordering: without them the topological
# sort places preserveSshHostKey after etc (confirmed live on lxc-tor-relay:
# position 7 vs etc's position 5), so the key is gone before it can be saved.
_: {
system.activationScripts = {
preserveSshHostKey = ''
if [ -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key ]; then
cp /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key /run/sshd-host-key-preserve.tmp
cp /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub /run/sshd-host-key-preserve.pub.tmp
fi
'';
restoreSshHostKey = {
deps = [ "etc" ];
text = ''
if [ ! -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key ] && [ -f /run/sshd-host-key-preserve.tmp ]; then
install -m 0600 /run/sshd-host-key-preserve.tmp /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key
install -m 0644 /run/sshd-host-key-preserve.pub.tmp /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
fi
rm -f /run/sshd-host-key-preserve.tmp /run/sshd-host-key-preserve.pub.tmp
'';
};
etc = { deps = [ "preserveSshHostKey" ]; };
setupSecrets = { deps = [ "restoreSshHostKey" ]; };
};
}
-10
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@@ -1,19 +1,9 @@
{ pkgs, vars, ... }: { pkgs, vars, ... }:
{ {
# virtualisation.docker.enable = true;
virtualisation.docker = { virtualisation.docker = {
enable = true; enable = true;
package = pkgs.docker; package = pkgs.docker;
# listenOptions = [
# "unix:///var/run/docker.sock"
# "tcp://0.0.0.0:2375"
#];
# daemon.settings = {
# metrics-addr = "0.0.0.0:9323";
# experimental = true;
# };
}; };
users.users.${vars.primaryUser}.extraGroups = [ "docker" ]; users.users.${vars.primaryUser}.extraGroups = [ "docker" ];
environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [ environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
+1 -43
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@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ in
# LXC container does). # LXC container does).
imports = [ imports = [
(modulesPath + "/virtualisation/proxmox-lxc.nix") (modulesPath + "/virtualisation/proxmox-lxc.nix")
../common/preserve-ssh-host-key.nix
]; ];
proxmoxLXC = { proxmoxLXC = {
@@ -105,49 +106,6 @@ in
}; };
}; };
# NixOS's etc activation removes any /etc file that was in the previous
# generation's environment.etc but is absent from the current one — even
# real (non-symlink) copies. On every routine nixos-rebuild switch/test that
# lacks NIXOS_HOST_KEYS_DIR the key is absent from environment.etc, so it
# gets removed as "obsolete". sops-nix derives its age decryption key from
# /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key; deletion cascades into every sops secret
# failing with "Error getting data key: 0 successful groups required, got 0".
#
# Fix: activation scripts that bracket the etc step, with explicit deps
# to enforce the correct ordering. Without deps the topological sort places
# preserveSshHostKey AFTER etc (confirmed live on a deployed lxc-tor-relay:
# position 7 vs etc's position 5) -- the key is already gone by the time it
# tries to save it. The etc/setupSecrets entries ADD to existing deps
# (types.listOf concatenates across module definitions).
system.activationScripts = {
# Saves the live key to /run before etc can delete it.
preserveSshHostKey = ''
if [ -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key ]; then
cp /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key /run/sshd-host-key-preserve.tmp
cp /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub /run/sshd-host-key-preserve.pub.tmp
fi
'';
# Reinstalls the key after etc runs if it was removed as "obsolete".
# The resulting file is not registered in environment.etc for either
# generation, so subsequent rebuilds leave it alone permanently.
restoreSshHostKey = {
deps = [ "etc" ];
text = ''
if [ ! -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key ] && [ -f /run/sshd-host-key-preserve.tmp ]; then
install -m 0600 /run/sshd-host-key-preserve.tmp /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key
install -m 0644 /run/sshd-host-key-preserve.pub.tmp /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
fi
rm -f /run/sshd-host-key-preserve.tmp /run/sshd-host-key-preserve.pub.tmp
'';
};
# Force etc to wait until the key is saved, and sops to wait until the
# key is restored. Without these the topological sort breaks the chain.
etc = { deps = [ "preserveSshHostKey" ]; };
setupSecrets = { deps = [ "restoreSshHostKey" ]; };
};
# virtualisation/proxmox-lxc.nix (imported above) registers the Nix # virtualisation/proxmox-lxc.nix (imported above) registers the Nix
# store DB via a systemd service (register-nix-paths) -- it never runs # store DB via a systemd service (register-nix-paths) -- it never runs
# an activation script at all. Confirmed live this means neither # an activation script at all. Confirmed live this means neither
+1 -32
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@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ in
../hardware-configuration/vm/proxmox.nix ../hardware-configuration/vm/proxmox.nix
../boot/efi.nix ../boot/efi.nix
../disko/proxmox.nix ../disko/proxmox.nix
../common/preserve-ssh-host-key.nix
]; ];
environment.etc = lib.mkIf hasKeyForThisTarget { environment.etc = lib.mkIf hasKeyForThisTarget {
@@ -46,36 +47,4 @@ in
mode = "0644"; mode = "0644";
}; };
}; };
# NixOS's etc activation removes any /etc file that was in the previous
# generation's environment.etc but is absent from the current one. Since
# the SSH key is only in environment.etc during the --impure build (when
# NIXOS_HOST_KEYS_DIR is set), normal rebuilds would remove it as
# "obsolete". These scripts mirror lxc.nix's approach: save the live key
# before etc runs, restore it after. Without the explicit deps, the
# topological sort places preserveSshHostKey after etc (confirmed live on
# lxc-tor-relay: position 7 vs etc's position 5), so the key is gone
# before it can be saved.
system.activationScripts = {
preserveSshHostKey = ''
if [ -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key ]; then
cp /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key /run/sshd-host-key-preserve.tmp
cp /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub /run/sshd-host-key-preserve.pub.tmp
fi
'';
restoreSshHostKey = {
deps = [ "etc" ];
text = ''
if [ ! -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key ] && [ -f /run/sshd-host-key-preserve.tmp ]; then
install -m 0600 /run/sshd-host-key-preserve.tmp /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key
install -m 0644 /run/sshd-host-key-preserve.pub.tmp /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
fi
rm -f /run/sshd-host-key-preserve.tmp /run/sshd-host-key-preserve.pub.tmp
'';
};
etc = { deps = [ "preserveSshHostKey" ]; };
setupSecrets = { deps = [ "restoreSshHostKey" ]; };
};
} }
+1 -1
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@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
serverIp = "192.168.2.226"; # server (NFS/ZFS) Proxmox VM LAN IP serverIp = "192.168.2.226"; # server (NFS/ZFS) Proxmox VM LAN IP
dockerIp = "192.168.2.225"; # docker Proxmox VM LAN IP dockerIp = "192.168.2.225"; # docker Proxmox VM LAN IP
pbsIp = "192.168.2.244"; # Proxmox Backup Server LAN IP (not NixOS-managed) pbsIp = "192.168.2.244"; # Proxmox Backup Server LAN IP (not NixOS-managed)
domainControllerIp = "192.168.2.253"; # FreeIPA domain controller / primary DNS (not NixOS-managed) domainControllerIp = "192.168.2.253"; # FreeIPA domain controller — authoritative DNS for sweet.home (not NixOS-managed)
ipaServer = "domain-controller.sweet.home"; # FreeIPA server hostname (used by security.ipa and Kerberos; must be a resolvable FQDN, not an IP) ipaServer = "domain-controller.sweet.home"; # FreeIPA server hostname (used by security.ipa and Kerberos; must be a resolvable FQDN, not an IP)
# Cross-host references (LAN hostnames/users other hosts reach over the network) # Cross-host references (LAN hostnames/users other hosts reach over the network)